@article {bnh-8207, title = {Shear Wall and Frame Dual Systems Featuring Discontinuous Load Paths in Frame Elements in Low-to-Moderate Seismic Regions}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, abstract = {

Reinforced concrete buildings constitute a significant portion of construction in Australia. Many existing buildings in Australia and other low to moderate seismic regions have been designed with little to no consideration for ductile detailing. The majority of these buildings also possess vertical irregularities, which can exacerbate their vulnerability in an earthquake event. The seismic performance of shear wall and frame dual systems possessing discontinuities in frame elements in the form of ductility and failure mechanism has been assessed. And design recommendations in terms of response modification factors and designation of appropriate methods of analysis have been provided.

}, keywords = {Vertical irregularity; transfer beam; limited ductile buildings; response modification factor; failure hierarchy; analysis method}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2021.1964643}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13632469.2021.1964643}, author = {Alireza Mehdipanah and Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam} } @article {bnh-7137, title = {An Adaptive Ground Motion Prediction Equation for Use in Low-to-Moderate Seismicity Regions}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, year = {2020}, month = {07/2020}, pages = {1-23}, abstract = {

In regions of low-to-moderate seismicity where representative strong motion data is lacking, the modelling of seismic hazard relies on the use of seismological models. This paper presents a set of expressions that can be used as ground motion prediction equations that have been transformed from seismological models which resolve the generation of seismic waves into several components. The feature of this presented set of expressions is that it can be adapted to represent earthquake ground motion behaviour that is defined by a diversity of seismological models. The motivation behind the development of the presented adaptive predictive relationship which is known as the\ Component Attenuation Model\ (CAM) was to fast track, and make transparent, the transformation from seismological models to predictions of response spectral values for engineering applications. Thus,\ CAM\ can be used to waive away the need of executing any software for undertaking stochastic simulations nor time-history analyses for calculation of the response spectral ordinates. An important and original, the feature of\ CAM\ is incorporating the shear wave velocity profile of the bedrock and the associated upper-crustal modification into the model. This article presenting\ CAM\ is essentially a contribution to engineering as opposed to seismology. The potential benefits derived from the fast-tracking can be considerable given that the transformation is seldom a one-off process and would need to be repeated for any given targeted area, in view of uncertainties surrounding seismological conditions of the earth crust around the globe.

}, keywords = {attenuation parameter, Component attenuation model, ground motion prediction equations, upper-crustal modification}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1784810}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13632469.2020.1784810}, author = {Yuxiang Tang and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-6781, title = {Final report on vulnerability of as-built and retrofitted LDRC buildings}, number = {551}, year = {2020}, month = {03/2020}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Previous Bushfire and Natural Hazard CRC (BNH CRC) reports have presented the fragility curves for reinforced concrete buildings that are supported by reinforced concrete walls and moment resisting frames, and the fragility curves for this type of buildings with four retrofitting options. This study presents the vulnerability curves for these buildings presented in terms of damage factor, which is the ratio of the repair cost to the replacement cost for the buildings. This report contributes to the project {\textquotedblleft}Cost-effective mitigation strategy development for building related earthquake risk{\textquotedblright} which is aimed to develop knowledge to facilitate evidence-based informed decision making in relation to the need for seismic retrofitting, revision of codified design requirement, and insurance policy.

}, keywords = {as-built, buildings, retrofit, Vulnerability}, issn = {551}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Emad F Gad and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-7575, title = {Modeling of Seismic Actions on Earth Retaining Structures}, journal = {Recent Advances in Computational Mechanics and Simulations}, volume = {103}, year = {2020}, month = {11/2020}, pages = {247-256}, abstract = {

Present work deals with numerical modeling of seismic actions on earth retaining structures. Finite element (FE) analyses have been carried out on scaled-down retaining wall models. The capability of finite element models has been evaluated for the replication of shaking table experiment results. It was observed that FE models are highly sensitive to assigned nonlinear material models, especially for hardening and softening behavior of backfill soil. A detailed and simplified FE modeling procedure is explained for the simulation of seismic actions on earth retaining structures.

}, keywords = {Finite element modeling, Retaining wall, Shaking table experiment, Similitude}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8138-0_20}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-8138-0_20}, author = {Rohit Tiwari and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-6910, title = {Seismic Fragility Assessment of Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Australia}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, year = {2020}, month = {05/2020}, pages = {1-35}, abstract = {

This study aims to assess the seismic performance of typical reinforced concrete buildings constructed in Australia before the enforcement for seismic design. The response of both the primary lateral load resisting system and the gravity load resisting system is considered. A brief description of the modelling approaches adopted to simulate the response of the buildings{\textquoteright} components is provided. Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted and {\textquotedblleft}cloud analysis{\textquotedblright} is used to develop the probabilistic seismic demand models. The results from the fragility assessment suggest that the low-rise buildings located on soft sites are the most vulnerable buildings.

}, keywords = {cloud analysis, Core walls, demand-to-capacity ratio, moment resisting frames, seismic performance}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1750508}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13632469.2020.1750508}, author = {Anita Amirsardari and Elisa Lumantarna and Pathmanathan Rajeev and Helen M. Goldsworthy} } @article {bnh-5433, title = {Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategy Development for Building Related Earthquake Risk Annual Report 2017-2018}, number = {464}, year = {2019}, month = {03/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {
This project arose out of the on-going research efforts by the group involving\ structural engineering academics at the Universities of Adelaide, Melbourne and\ Swinburne with Geoscience Australia experts all working towards seismic risk\ reduction in Australia. Most of the research team are actively involved in the\ revision to the Australian Earthquake Loads standard (AS1170.4) as well as being\ members of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society which is a Technical\ Society of Engineers Australia. The devastating impact of the 2010{\textendash}11\ earthquakes in the Christchurch region on the New Zealand economy and\ society has further motivated this group to contribute to this CRC{\textquoteright}s aims of risk\ reduction for all natural hazards in Australia.\ This project addresses the need for an evidence base to inform decision making\ on the mitigation of the risk posed by the most vulnerable Australian buildings\ subject to earthquakes. While the focus of this project is on buildings, many of\ the project outputs will also be relevant for other Australian infrastructure such as\ bridges, roads and ports, while at the\ same time complementing other {\textquoteleft}Natural\ Hazards{\textquoteright} CRC project proposals for severe wind and flood.
}, keywords = {cost-mitigation, earthquake}, author = {Michael Griffith and Hossein Derakhshan and Elisa Lumantarna and Hing-Ho Tsang and John Wilson and Nelson Lam and Mark Edwards and Martin Wehner} } @conference {bnh-6389, title = {Development of Cost-effective Mitigation Strategy for Limited Ductile Reinforced Concrete Buildings}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2019 Conference}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, address = {Newcastle}, abstract = {

With the new awareness that most Australian reinforced concrete (RC) buildings have not been designed to withstand seismic actions, and are considered to have limited ductility, it is essential to consider retrofitting options. This study aims to evaluate the seismic performance of an archetypal Australian RC building, and then implement various retrofit techniques to find the most suitable retrofit. The structural performance of the buildings before and after various retrofitting were compared to study the effectiveness of the proposed methods as well as the effect on the seismic hazard design factor. SeismoStruct software was used to perform the nonlinear analysis of the structures. This paper contributes to a research with the overall aim of assessing the seismic performance of existing buildings and their expected failure modes, impact of retrofitting measures, and the associated costs.

}, keywords = {earthquake, existing structures, limited ductility buildings, performance validation, seismic evaluation and retrofitting}, url = {https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/55-Raneem-Alazem.pdf}, author = {Raneem Alazem and Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and Scott Menegon} } @article {bnh-6043, title = {Framework for seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings in Australia}, journal = {Australian Journal of Structural Engineering}, volume = {20}, year = {2019}, month = {05/2019}, pages = {143-158}, abstract = {

The project {\textquoteleft}Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategy Development for Building Related Earthquake Risk{\textquoteright} under the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre (BNHCRC) aims to develop knowledge to facilitate evidence-based informed decision-making in relation to the need for seismic retrofitting, revision of codified design requirements and insurance policy. Seismic vulnerability assessment is an essential component in the project. The objective of this paper is to present the framework for carrying out vulnerability assessment of limited-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Australia. This paper is organised into four parts: (i) overview of typical building construction in Australia and description of the three broad categories of vulnerable RC buildings identified by the authors; (ii) identification and overview of case study buildings for seismic vulnerability assessment; (iii) definition and description for each performance level and damage state, including recommended material strain limits and drift limits for RC buildings; and (iv) hazard-consistent ground motion inputs for dynamic analyses.

}, keywords = {RC buildings, regions of lower seismicity, Seismic vulnerability assessment, seismic vulnerability of RC buildings}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2019.1611034}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13287982.2019.1611034}, author = {Scott Menegon and Hing-Ho Tsang and Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and John Wilson and Emad F Gad} } @conference {bnh-6387, title = {Predicting Maximum Displacement Demand of Asymmetric Reinforced Concrete Buildings}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2019 Conference}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, address = {Newcastle}, abstract = {

Reinforced concrete buildings make up the majority of Australian building stocks. The buildings generally consist of core walls and/or shear walls as lateral load carrying elements and moment resisting frames as gravitational load carrying elements. The core and/or shear walls are often eccentrically located in the buildings resulting in a large displacement demand on the moment resisting frames that are located at the edge of the buildings. Seismic assessment methods for asymmetrical buildings commonly involve three-dimensional dynamic analyses that can be computationally expensive. This paper presents a simplified analysis method that has been developed to provide estimates for the maximum displacement demand of multi-storey buildings featuring plan asymmetry. The studies form a part of a collaborative research under the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre (BNHCRC)on {\textquotedblleft}cost-effective mitigation strategy development for building related earthquake risk{\textquotedblright}.

}, keywords = {asymmetrical buildings, reinforced concrete, simplified analysis method, torsion}, url = {https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/43-Elisa-Lumantarna.pdf}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and John Wilson} } @conference {bnh-6390, title = {Prioritisation strategy for seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings in Australia}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2019 Conference}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, address = {Newcastle}, abstract = {

This paper presents a study on the seismic evaluation and retrofit of limited ductile reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, which make up the bulk of built infrastructure in the central building districts and high-density residential areas in Australian cities. In low to moderate seismicity regions such as Australia, RC buildings will have structural elements that have been designed with limited to no ductility. The individual building needs to be assessed and ranked for their retrofitting priority. An assessment for retrofitting methodology involving a three-tiered approach will be introduced in this paper. The assessment framework including a tiered approach was developed to evaluate the potential vulnerability of Australian RC buildings and to facilitate decision making in relation to the need for seismic retrofitting. Structural threshold values related to the vulnerable features introduced in the framework were also investigated to support the identification process of the method. It is expected that the developed three-tiered methodology will provide a significant contribution to the seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing RC buildings in Australia.

}, keywords = {reinforced concrete building, seismic evaluation and retrofitting, tiered methodology}, url = {https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/21-Bin-Xing.pdf}, author = {Bin Xing and Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and Scott Menegon} } @article {bnh-6129, title = {Progress report on costing of limited ductile reinforced concrete buildings}, number = {520}, year = {2019}, month = {10/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

{\textquotedblleft}Cost-effective mitigation strategy development for building related earthquake risk{\textquotedblright} under the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre (BNHCRC) aims to develop knowledge to facilitate evidence-based informed decision making in relation to the need for seismic retrofitting, revision of codified design requirement, and insurance policy. Previous report has presented vulnerability assessment of two types of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, RC buildings that are mainly supported laterally by limited ductile RC walls and buildings that are supported jointly by limited ductile RC walls and RC frames. The analyses demonstrate buildings that are jointly supported by RC walls and frames to be more vulnerable. This report presents summary findings of the vulnerability analyses along with descriptions for the types of damage observed for each performance levels with the aim of estimating cost of repair for this type of buildings.\ 

}, keywords = {buildings, concrete, emergency recovery, engineering, risk and safety}, issn = {520}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Emad F Gad and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-6137, title = {Use of Macroseismic Intensity Data to Validate a Regionally Adjustable Ground Motion Prediction Model}, journal = {Geosciences }, volume = {9}, year = {2019}, month = {09/2019}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

In low-to-moderate seismicity (intraplate) regions where locally recorded strong motion data are too scare for conventional regression analysis, stochastic simulations based on seismological modelling have often been used to predict ground motions of future earthquakes. This modelling methodology has been practised in Central and Eastern North America (CENA) for decades. It is cautioned that ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) that have been developed for use in CENA might not always be suited for use in another intraplate region because of differences in the crustal structure. This paper introduces a regionally adjustable GMPE, known as the component attenuation model (CAM), by which a diversity of crustal conditions can be covered in one model. Input parameters into CAM have been configured in the same manner as a seismological model, as both types of models are based on decoupling the spectral properties of earthquake ground motions into a generic source factor and a regionally specific path factor (including anelastic and geometric attenuation factors) along with a crustal factor. Unlike seismological modelling, CAM is essentially a GMPE that can be adapted readily for use in different regions (or different areas within a region) without the need of undertaking any stochastic simulations, providing that parameters characterising the crustal structure have been identified. In addressing the challenge of validating a GMPE for use in an area where instrumental data are scarce, modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) data inferred from peak ground velocity values predicted by CAM are compared with records of MMI of past earthquake events, as reported in historical archives. South-Eastern Australia (SEA) and South-Eastern China (SEC) are the two study regions used in this article for demonstrating the viability of CAM as a ground motion prediction tool in an intraplate environment.

}, keywords = {Attenuation, crustal model, GMPE, intraplate region, MMI, seismic hazard}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100422 }, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/9/10/422}, author = {Yuxiang Tang and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-5625, title = {Vulnerability Functions for RC Shear Wall Buildings in Australia}, journal = {Earthquake Spectra}, volume = {35}, year = {2019}, month = {02/2019}, pages = {27}, chapter = {333-360}, abstract = {

This research investigates the development of analytical fragility functions for reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in Australia. A building stock for the city of Melbourne is used in conducting an assessment of these types of structures. The assessment uses the best information available for selecting the building parameters applicable to the low-to-moderate seismic region, site soil class, expected earthquake ground motions, and site response. The capacity spectrum method is used to derive vulnerability functions for low-, mid-, and high-rise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings. Although there is a paucity of earthquake damage data available in Australia, some comparisons are made using the results from the fragility functions derived here to the damage data from the Newcastle earthquake in 1989.

}, keywords = {buildings, earthquake, Emergency management, engineering}, doi = {10.1193/120717EQS251M}, url = {https://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/abs/10.1193/120717EQS251M}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-6042, title = {Dynamic Behavior of Indonesian Bridges using Interferometric Radar Technology}, journal = {Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering}, volume = {18}, year = {2018}, month = {2018}, pages = {23-29}, abstract = {

Structural deterioration of critical transport infrastructures (e.g., bridges) represents trillion dollars of transportation budget. Inspection and monitoring structural deterioration of bridge structures require an innovative method for an improved quality and accuracy of measurements. This paper presents and discusses the capabilities of the recent advanced interferomertic radar technique (IBIS-S) for remote monitoring structural vibations of bridges (e.g., displacement and natural frequency). Three case studies bridges in Indonesia were selected for field measurements. The research outcomes demonstrate the potential use of interferometric radar technology as an efficient way for structural health assessment and monitoring of bridges under operational condition.

}, keywords = {Bridge, displacement, Dynamic behavior, IBIS-S, Natural frequency}, url = {http://www.ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/2018-1\%20Sp/2018-1-3.pdf}, author = {Maizuar Maizuar and Elisa Lumantarna and Sofi Massoud and Oktavianus Yusak and Lihai Zhang and Colin Duffield and Priyan Mendis} } @article {bnh-5157, title = {Plastic hinge analysis for lightly reinforced and unconfined concrete structural walls}, journal = {Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering}, volume = {16}, year = {2018}, month = {10/2018}, pages = {4825-4860}, chapter = {4825}, abstract = {

Poor performance of lightly reinforced and unconfined concrete structural walls have been observed in recent earthquake events. This research investigates the displacement capacity of such walls by comparing the results of a series of state-of-the-art finite element analyses for a range of different structural walls to that estimated using plastic hinge analyses. The common expressions used in estimating the yield curvature, yield displacement and plastic displacement are scrutinised for these types of walls. Some recommendations are given to improve the prediction of the displacement capacity of lightly reinforced and unconfined rectangular and C-shaped walls for flexural actions using a plastic hinge analysis. Importantly, a parameter has been recommended to be used in a {\textquotedblleft}modified{\textquotedblright} approach for estimating the nominal yield displacement of lightly reinforced concrete walls. Different expressions are also recommended depending on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement used in the wall in comparison to that required to initiate secondary cracking. This is important for providing better estimations of the displacement capacity of RC structural wall buildings in low-to-moderate seismic regions such that vulnerability studies can be conducted.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0369-x}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10518-018-0369-x}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-5156, title = {Plastic hinge length for lightly reinforced C-shaped concrete walls}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, year = {2018}, month = {03/2018}, abstract = {

This research investigates the equivalent plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete C-shaped walls with reinforcement detailing typically found in low-to-moderate seismic regions. Reinforced concrete walls in these regions commonly have low amounts of longitudinal reinforcement and unconfined boundary regions, which have been shown to perform poorly in recent earthquake events. A series of state-of-the-art finite element analyses are undertaken to find the longitudinal strain distributions of low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise C-shaped walls. The results of the equivalent plastic hinge lengths from the numerical investigation are shown to compare poorly to the predictions from some of the equations that currently exist in the literature. Subsequently, expressions are derived for the equivalent plastic hinge length for these types of walls and for the different modes of bending. The expressions derived from this research intend to improve the displacement capacity for these types of walls when using plastic hinge analyses.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1453419}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13632469.2018.1453419}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-5198, title = {Report on fragility curves for limited ductile reinforced concrete buildings}, year = {2018}, month = {12/2018}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Reinforced concrete buildings make up the majority of Australian building stocks.\ Structural elements of these buildings are often designed with limited to\ nonductile detailing. With a very low building replacement rate many of the\ Australian buildings are vulnerable to major earthquakes and pose significant risk\ to lives, properties and economic activities.

"Cost-effective mitigation strategies for building-related earthquake risk{\textquotedblright} under the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative\ Research Centre (BNHCRC) aims to develop knowledge to facilitate evidencebased\ informed\ decision\ making\ in\ relation\ to\ the\ need\ for\ seismic\ retrofitting,\ revision\ of codified design requirement, and insurance policy. Seismic\ vulnerability assessment is an essential component in the project.\ 

This report presents sets of fragility curves that have been developed for two types of reinforced concrete buildings, buildings that are mainly supported by shear or core walls and buildings that are supported by walls and moment resisting frames. The seismic assessment frameworks, the approach for selection of ground motions and the development of archetype building models will be discussed. The fragility curves for low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise buildings for both types of limited ductile reinforced concrete buildings will be presented in the forms of PGV, MMI and RSDmax as intensity measures.

}, issn = {433}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Emad F Gad and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-5159, title = {Analytical modelling of podium interference on tower walls in buildings}, journal = {Australian Journal of Structural Engineering}, volume = {18}, year = {2017}, month = {11/2017}, abstract = {

In regions of low-to-moderate seismicity like Australia, a common form of building construction is the one featuring a podium structure that supports a tower with smaller floor plan. This building layout is particularly favoured in metropolitan regions as it can cater for a mix of commercial and residential functionalities. This paper investigates the undesirable effects of podium interferences on the shear demands on the structural walls at and above the interface zone. Shear force redistributions between the connected structural walls were found to be the direct consequence of the differential restraints imposed by the podium structure. The generation of in-plane strutting forces in the slabs and beams connecting the structural walls was also found to be proportional to the extent of the deformation incompatibility between the walls and columns above the podium level. An analytical model is proposed herein for estimating in-plane strutting forces in the connecting slabs (or beams). The model has been verified against results obtained from finite element analyses using 2D, and 3D, sub-assemblages of the building. Deficiencies in the conventional diaphragm modelling approaches have been highlighted, and optimal solutions are proposed.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2017.1396870}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13287982.2017.1396870?journalCode=tsen20}, author = {Mehair Yacoubian and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-4506, title = {Assessment of Displacement Demand for Earth Retaining Structures}, journal = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Earth retaining walls and bridge abutments are part of the key infrastructure in support of a modern transportation system. Assessment of the structural safety of a retaining wall in seismic conditions is considered in this paper. Present work deals with systematic review of analytical modelling of seismic actions on retaining walls. Experimental investigation for finding displacement demand of scaled down retaining wall models has been discussed. A detailed experimental investigation has been recommended for ensuring the accuracy of the analytical modelling approach.

}, keywords = {abutment, displacement, performance, Retaining wall, seismic, similitude.}, url = {http://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/453-Rohit-Tiwari.pdf}, author = {Rohit Tiwari and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-4212, title = {Cost-effective mitigation strategy for building related earthquake risk: annual project report 2016-17}, number = {348}, year = {2017}, month = {09/2017}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

The 1989 Newcastle Earthquake caused damage to 70,000 properties, with an associated total economic loss of AU$ 4 billion. Consistently, the insurance industry has estimated the economic risk posed by a moderate earthquake in any of the capital cities in Australia to be of the order of billions of dollars. A major reason for this risk is that Australia has not designed buildings for earthquake-induced forces until 1995 so that a large portion of our building stock is seismically vulnerable.

As demonstrated in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010-11, a magnitude 6 earthquake can have a devastating impact on a city and country (damage rebuild estimated at ~ 20\% national GDP!) even though buildings there have been designed for earthquakes for many decades.

This project includes collaborative research from 4 partner institutions to establish:

  1. The relative vulnerabilities to earthquake shaking of the most common forms of building construction in Australia;
  2. What earthquake retrofit techniques worked and what didn{\textquoteright}t as a starting point in developing a {\textquoteleft}menu{\textquoteright} of economically feasible seismic retrofit techniques that could be used in Australian cities;
  3. With industry end-user support, conduct proof of concept tests on some of the most promising seismic retrofit techniques on buildings scheduled for demolition by the SA state government;
  4. Use the new damage and economic loss models developed over the first 3 years of this project to undertake a seismic risk assessment case study of the Melbourne metro area; and
  5. Advance a series of end user focused research utilization projects in the areas of improved building regulation, community risk reduction, design profession guidance and insurance industry engagement with their policy holders. These will include an Earthquake Mitigation Case Study for the historic town of York in Western Australia and Development of a Rapid Visual Screening procedure for Australian buildings

Finally, using the new damage loss models and costings for seismically retrofitting buildings, make recommendations for the development of seismic retrofit guidelines and policy based on the strong evidence base developed.

}, issn = {348}, author = {Michael Griffith and Hossein Derakhshan and Elisa Lumantarna and Hing-Ho Tsang and Helen M. Goldsworthy and John Wilson and Nelson Lam and Mark Edwards} } @article {bnh-5158, title = {Effects of podium interference on shear force distributions in tower walls supporting tall buildings}, journal = {Engineering Structures}, volume = {148}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, abstract = {

High rise constructions featuring a podium surrounding tower walls are often favoured for the versatile functionality of the building. It is shown in this paper that the podium can impose significant differential restraint on coupled tower walls. Incompatible tower wall displacements under lateral loads were found to be the main contributor to the generation of in-plane strutting forces in floors above and below the podium-tower interface level. Shear force localisations in the interior tower wall immediately above the interface was found to be the direct consequence of these actions. Key parameters contributing to this detrimental shear force localisation in a tower wall were analysed by way of parameter studies on representative models of the building and sub-assemblages. It is revealed that the in-plane rigid diaphragm assumption commonly adopted in practice can significantly suppress compatibility forces generated within the building floor leading to unconservative design of the tower walls. Elaborate nonlinear model has been examined to showcase the consequences of understating the shear demands on these walls.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.075}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029616305454?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Mehair Yacoubian and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna and John Wilson} } @conference {bnh-4334, title = {Methods of structural analysis of buildings in regions of low to moderate seismicity}, booktitle = {2017 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics}, year = {2017}, month = {09/2017}, address = {Seoul, Korea}, abstract = {

The paper introduces simplified methods for the analysis of multi-storey buildings for regions of low to moderate seismicity. Due to functional and architectural requirement most newly designed and existing buildings feature irregularities. The irregularities can be in a form of vertical irregularity (caused by discontinuity in load carrying elements) and plan irregularity (caused by cores that are eccentric ally placed within the buildings). Contemporary earthquake design standards and assessment procedures require dynamic analyses to be performed on such structures. However, dynamic analyses can be computationally expensive and require expert judgment, especially as far as three-dimensionally modelling is involved.

The early part of the paper presents the simplified method for the analysis of torsionally balanced (TB) buildings. Generalised modal displacements that were derived from parametric studies involving multi-storey buildings with vertical irregularities are introduced. The simplified method has been extended to account for the effects of torsion due to plan asymmetry to produce estimates of the maximum displacement demand at the edges of torsionally unbalanced (TU) buildings.

}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Alireza Mehdipanah and Nelson Lam and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-4505, title = {Methods of Structural Analysis of Buildings Incorporating Higher Modes Effects}, journal = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society }, year = {2017}, pages = {10}, abstract = {

Dynamic analysis method has been suggested for the analysis of irregular buildings in the seismic standards. However, dynamic analyses can be computationally expensive and there are uncertainties associated with the selection of ground motion records for the regions of low to moderate seismicity. In a relevant research by the authors, it has been shown that linear response of irregular buildings featuring transfer beams resembles the response of regular buildings in the regions of low to moderate seismicity such as Australia. Hence, Generalised Lateral Force Method (GLFM) of Analysis is introduced and developed to incorporate the effects of higher modes based on generic modal displacement values. This method can be used for shear wall dominant RC buildings with or without transfer beam irregularity features. Shortcomings of the conventional Equivalent Static Analysis Method are resolved and the robustness of the method in estimating the seismic demands within the elastic limit is demonstrated by comparison with dynamic analyses.

}, keywords = {dynamic analysis method., higher mode effects, Multi-storey buildings, static analysis method}, url = {http://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/463-Alireza-Mehdipanah.pdf}, author = {Alireza Mehdipanah and Elisa Lumantarna and Nelson Lam} } @article {bnh-3553, title = {Plastic hinge length for lightly reinforced rectangular concrete walls}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {1-32}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

This research investigates the plastic hinge length in lightly reinforced rectangular walls typically found in regions of low-to-moderate seismicity. Poor performance has been exhibited by lightly reinforced concrete walls in past earthquake events. A series of finite element analyses have been carried out which demonstrate that if the longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the wall is below a certain threshold value, there will not be sufficient reinforcement to cause secondary cracking, and instead fracture of the longitudinal reinforcement at a single crack could occur. A plastic hinge length equation has been derived based on the results from the numerical simulations.

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1286619}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13632469.2017.1286619}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-4407, title = {Seismic Assessment of the RC building stock of Melbourne from rare and very rare earthquake events}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2017 Conference}, year = {2017}, month = {11/2017}, publisher = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, organization = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, address = {Canberra}, abstract = {

This paper focuses on a seismic vulnerability assessment of the Australian reinforced concrete structural (or shear) wall building stock using the Melbourne CBD as a case study. Each of the 1403 reinforced concrete buildings used in the assessment are assumed to be laterally supported by rectangular (peripheral) or C-shaped core walls. The assessment was conducted based on the Capacity Spectrum method, which involves a comparison between the capacity and demand curves in the form of acceleration-displacement response spectra. Plastic hinge analysis expressions were used to derive the capacity curves of the buildings. The 500-year ({\textquotedblleft}rare{\textquotedblright}) and 2500-year ({\textquotedblleft}very rare{\textquotedblright}) return period spectra derived from a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for the city of Melbourne using the AUS5 earthquake recurrence model were used for the earthquake demand. The Australian Seismic Site Conditions Map from Geoscience Australia is used to find the expected site conditions for each building, while SHAKE-2000 is used to amplify the expected earthquake demand. The results show that only 34 (2.4\%) reinforced concrete buildings used in this assessment were deemed to reach the Collapse Prevention performance level for the 500-year return period event, whereas a total of 540 (38.5\%) buildings were estimated to reach this performance level for the 2500-year return period event.

}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-4507, title = {Seismic fragility curves for limited ductile RC Buildings including the response of gravity frames}, journal = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, year = {2017}, month = {11/2017}, pages = {13}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to assess the seismic performance of limited ductile reinforced concrete buildings in line with performance-based earthquake engineering principles. Limited ductile RC buildings are vulnerable to undesirable and sudden brittle failures which need to be considered in nonlinear models. The response of both the primary lateral load resisting system and the gravity load resisting system is considered. A brief description of the modelling approaches adopted to simulate the response of the core walls and frame components in a macro-finite element modelling space is provided. Using the adopted approach the seismic performance of two generic buildings with a symmetric plan is assessed. Nonlinear time-history analyses are conducted to obtain the building response to seismic ground motion. Probabilistic seismic demand model is developed using {\textquoteleft}Cloud{\textquoteright} analysis. Finally, fragility curves are developed considering four different performance limits to assess the seismic risk of the buildings.

}, keywords = {cloud analysis., fragility curves, Limited ductile reinforced concrete, moment resisting frames, seismic assessment}, url = {http://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/455-Anita-Amirsardari.pdf}, author = {Anita Amirsardari and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna and Pathmanathan Rajeev} } @article {bnh-3554, title = {Soil amplification in low-to-moderate seismic regions}, journal = {Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {1945-1963}, chapter = {1945}, abstract = {

The results of a study that investigates potential revisions of the spectral shape factors used in standards in regions of low-to-moderate seismicity are presented here. Using an equivalent linear analysis, the investigation particularly focuses on the effects of seismic intensity associated with rare and very rare intraplate earthquake events on site response. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center ground motion database (PEER) is used in selecting appropriate acceleration-time histories for the intraplate region. The results are normalised for comparison with the current spectral shape factors given in the Australian Standards for Earthquake Actions AS 1170.4:2007, with some differences being observed. The dependency of site amplification on seismic intensity was only observed for soil classes Ce, De and Ee. The rock site of class Be had considerably higher response in the short period range relative to class Ee. The records from the PEER ground motion database were also used for comparison with the results from this study, using a modified normalisation approach. The results from this study correlate well with the records from PEER.

}, doi = {10.1007/s10518-016-0067-5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-016-0067-5}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Elisa Lumantarna and Helen M. Goldsworthy} } @article {bnh-4669, title = {Analytical Simulation of Limited Ductile RC Beam-Columns}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, abstract = {

A systematic analytical modelling technique for the simulation of limited-ductile beamcolumn elements based on the concentrated plasticity model is proposed in this paper. The modelling technique employs a backbone curve for the monotonic behaviour of the limited ductile beam-column elements based on empirical equations. The hysteretic behaviour of the beam-columns in the cyclic loading is modelled and calibrated to results from experiments on columns obtained from the literature using OpenSEES software. The modelling technique provides an important tool for the seismic performance assessment of existing buildings which have been designed with considerations of low to no ductile detailing.

}, keywords = {Bond-Slip, Concentrated Plasticity Modelling Technique, Failure Mechanisms, Lightly Reinforced Columns, OpenSEES.}, url = {https://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/331-Alireza-Mehdipanah-et-al.pdf}, author = {Alireza Mehdipanah and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-4668, title = {Displacement Based Design of Bridge Abutments}, journal = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, abstract = {

The present study deals with the drift and displacement capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge abutments subjected to seismic excitations. Two dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) analyses have been conducted to investigate the behavior of the bridge abutment taking into account dynamic actions of the backfill in seismic conditions. The capability of scaled down bridge abutment models is also investigated in order to replicate the dynamic behavior of prototype bridge abutments. The analyses have taken into account interactions between the abutment and the backfill, which can significantly affect the seismically induced displacement behavior of the bridge abutments. It was observed that scaled down bridge abutment models could effectively replicate the seismic behavior of prototype bridge abutments. The stiffness of the bridge abutment degrades significantly with increasing intensity of ground motion. The location of the point of rotation of the bridge abutment is almost constant irrespective of the height of the stem wall. Drift and displacement behavior of the bridge abutment is highly controlled by the thickness of the stem wall.

}, keywords = {abutment, Bridge, design, performance, seismic, similitude.}, url = {https://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/337-Tiwari-et-al.pdf}, author = {Rohit Tiwari and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-3561, title = {Displacement Capacity of Lightly Reinforced Rectangular Concrete Walls}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2016 Conference}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, abstract = {

This paper investigates the displacement capacity of lightly reinforced rectangular walls. The design parameters and detailing of the walls considered in this study are typical of low-to-moderate seismic regions such as Australia. Obtaining accurate estimates of the displacement capacity of lightly reinforced walls is a vital step towards producing realistic estimates of fragility curves of RC buildings in low-to-moderate seismic regions. It is shown in this investigation that the nominal yield displacement capacity for reinforced concrete walls that have low amounts of longitudinal reinforcement can sometimes be overestimated using the existing equations. An alternative approach is proposed here which gives a better match with experimental and numerical results and is particularly important for the reinforced concrete walls that exhibit a single crack in the plastic hinge zone. An ultimate curvature equation is proposed for when a wall is estimated to form a single crack in the plastic hinge region. A plastic hinge length equation which has been specifically derived for these types of walls is also introduced to estimate the plastic displacement of the wall due to plastic rotation at the base. Experimental and finite element modelling results are used to compare the displacement capacity predictions.\ 

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310846070_Displacement_Capacity_of_Lightly_Reinforced_Rectangular_Concrete_Walls}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-3950, title = {The effect of modelling inelastic beam-column joint on the displacement capacity of reinforced concrete gravity moment resisting frames}, booktitle = {Australasian Structural Engineering Conference: ASEC 2016 }, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, publisher = {Engineers Australia}, organization = {Engineers Australia}, address = {Brisbane}, abstract = {

Mid-rise buildings in Australia typically have shear walls and cores as the primary lateral load resisting system and perimeter reinforced concrete moment resisting frames which form part of the gravity load resisting system. There are concerns about the displacement compatibility between the walls and the frames since in regions of low-to-moderate seismicity such as Australia insufficient consideration is given to the displacement capacity of the gravity load resisting systems. The gravity frames are mostly designed as ordinary moment resisting frames and thus have non-ductile detailing and are vulnerable to sudden undesirable failures. One of these failure mechanisms is due to the response of poorly detailed beam-column joints. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of inelastic beam-column joint response on the displacement capacity of reinforced concrete gravity moment resisting frames designed in accordance with the Australian standard considering only the gravity load.

}, url = {http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=671772956997481;res=IELENG}, author = {Anita Amirsardari and Pathmanathan Rajeev and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-5077, title = {Minimum loading requirements for areas of low seismicity}, journal = {Earthquakes and Structures}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {539-561}, chapter = {539}, abstract = {

The rate of occurrence of intraplate earthquake events has been surveyed around the globe to ascertain the average level of intraplate seismic activities on land. Elastic response spectra corresponding to various levels of averaged (uniform) seismicity for a return period of 2475 years have then been derived along with modifying factors that can be used to infer ground motion and spectral response parameters for other return period values. Estimates derived from the assumption of uniform seismicity are intended to identify the minimum level of design seismic hazard in intraplate regions. The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment presented in the paper involved the use of ground motion models that have been developed for regions of different tectonic and crustal classifications. The proposed minimum earthquake loading model is illustrated by the case study of Peninsular Malaysia which has been identified with a minimum effective peak ground acceleration (EPGA) of 0.1 g for a return period of 2475 years, or 0.07 g for a notional return period of 475 years.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.4.539}, url = {http://koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=TPTPJW_2016_v11n4_539}, author = {Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Elisa Lumantarna and John Wilson} } @conference {bnh-3949, title = {Modelling non-ductile reinforced concrete columns}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2016 Conference}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, publisher = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, organization = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society}, address = {Melbourne}, author = {Anita Amirsardari and Pathmanathan Rajeev and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-3560, title = {Non-ductile seismic performance of reinforced concrete walls in Australia}, booktitle = {Australasian Structural Engineering Conference 2016}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, address = {Brisbane, Australia}, abstract = {

Much of the Australian building stock comprises of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings that rely on RC walls or cores as their lateral load resisting system. Past research on the seismic behaviour of RC walls has primarily concentrated on highly reinforced and confined sections. However, there is a paucity of research focusing on lightly reinforced and unconfined sections that are commonly found in regions of low to moderate seismicity such as Australia. Moreover, some lightly reinforced concrete walls have been observed to perform poorly in recent earthquake events, with a single crack forming at the base within the plastic hinge region in contrast to the expected distributed cracks. This paper reports on an investigation into the seismic performance of rectangular walls with typical detailing and design parameters found in Australia. A simple model that can be used to predict the required amount of longitudinal reinforcement for the onset of secondary cracking is introduced. Finite element modelling results emphasise that a minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement is required for secondary cracking to occur. Ultimately this will be useful for deriving a plastic hinge length that can be used for displacement capacity calculations of lightly reinforced walls.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310728792_Non-ductile_seismic_performance_of_reinforced_concrete_walls_in_Australia}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-3948, title = {Seismic site response analysis leading to revised design response spectra for Australia}, journal = {Journal of Earthquake Engineering}, volume = {21}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, abstract = {

This study explores the effects of local site conditions on seismic site response and investigates the validity of the site classification system and the response spectra in codes, with a focus on the Australian earthquake loading standard. The results show that the averaging process used to derive the design spectra in existing codes has led, in general, to an underestimation of the site response. A new systematic method is proposed for obtaining the displacement response spectra based on the correlations between the initial and degraded fundamental natural site period and amplification factors. Modifications to the site classification system are also recommended.

}, doi = {10.1080/13632469.2016.1210058}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13632469.2016.1210058}, author = {Anita Amirsardari and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-4667, title = {Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Asymmetrical Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Australia}, journal = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society }, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, abstract = {

Many reinforced concrete buildings in Australia are laterally supported by reinforced concrete cores/shear walls that are eccentrically located in the buildings. The structural elements at the edges of the asymmetrical buildings can be subjected to a significant displacement demand, making this type of buildings highly vulnerable in an earthquake. Seismic assessment methods for asymmetrical buildings commonly involve three-dimensional dynamic analyses that can be computationally expensive. This paper presents a simplified analysis method for multi-storey buildings featuring plan asymmetry. The method has been used to assess the seismic vulnerability of asymmetrical reinforced concrete buildings in Australia.

}, keywords = {Aymmetrical buildings, fragility curves, reinforced concrete., simplified analysis method}, url = {https://www.aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/379-Lumantarna-et-al.pdf}, author = {Elisa Lumantarna and Alireza Mehdipanah and Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and John Wilson and Emad F Gad and Helen M. Goldsworthy} } @article {bnh-5098, title = {Simplified elastic design checks for torsionally balanced and unbalanced low-medium rise buildings in lower seismicity regions}, journal = {Earthquakes and Structures}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {741-777}, chapter = {741}, abstract = {

A simplified approach of assessing torsionally balanced (TB) and torsionally unbalanced (TU) low-medium rise buildings of up to 30 m in height is presented in this paper for regions of low-to-moderate seismicity. The Generalised Force Method of Analysis for TB buildings which is illustrated in the early part of the paper involves calculation of the deflection profile of the building in a 2D analysis in order that a capacity diagram can be constructed to intercept with the acceleration-displacement response spectrum diagram representing seismic actions. This approach of calculation on the planar model of a building which involves applying lateral forces to the building (waiving away the need of a dynamic analysis and yet obtaining similar results) has been adapted for determining the deflection behaviour of a TU building in the later part of the paper. Another key original contribution to knowledge is taking into account the strong dependence of the torsional response behaviour of the building on the periodic properties of the applied excitations in relation to the natural periods of vibration of the building. Many of the trends presented are not reflected in provisions of major codes of practices for the seismic design of buildings. The deflection behaviour of the building in response to displacement controlled (DC) excitations is in stark contrast to behaviour in acceleration controlled (AC), or velocity controlled (VC), conditions, and is much easier to generalise. Although DC conditions are rare with buildings not exceeding 30 m in height displacement estimates based on such conditions can be taken as upper bound estimates in order that a conservative prediction of the displacement profile at the edge of a TU building can be obtained conveniently by the use of a constant amplification factor to scale results from planar analysis.

}, doi = {10.12989/eas.2016.11.5.741}, url = {http://koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=TPTPJW_2016_v11n5_741}, author = {Nelson Lam and John Wilson and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-2075, title = {Improvements and difficulties associated with seismic assessment of infrastructure in Australia - peer viewed}, booktitle = {Adelaide Conference 2015}, year = {2015}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, abstract = {

Research proceedings from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC \& AFAC Conference in Adelaide, 1-3 September 2015.\ 

}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @article {bnh-3464, title = {Local intraplate earthquake considerations for Singapore}, journal = {The IES Journal Part A: Civil \& Structural Engineering}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2014}, pages = {62-70}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

The current National Annex for Singapore to Eurocode 8 is primarily to address distant hazards from Sumatra and is not intended to provide coverage for potential local intraplate hazards. The latter type of hazards has safety implications on low-rise structures including many of the aged building construction. It is argued that the absence of local seismic activities in the recorded history within the Malaysian peninsular cannot be used as evidence to justify the assumption that its level of potential local hazards is any lower than other intraplate regions such as Australia, Southern India, and Central and Eastern United States, because of the relative smallness of the landmass of the peninsular. This paper presents a response spectrum model for intraplate earthquakes using relevant data from other regions around the world as opposed to relying on very limited amount of data from regional monitoring. Finally, a response spectrum model that takes into account potential threats from both distant and local seismic sources is recommended for future adoption by Singapore.

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2014.974873}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19373260.2014.974873?journalCode=tiea20}, author = {Nelson Lam and Hing-Ho Tsang and Elisa Lumantarna and John Wilson} } @article {bnh-3454, title = {Overturning of precast RC columns in conditions of moderate ground shaking}, journal = {Earthquakes and Structures}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {1-18}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

A simple method of assessing the risk of overturning of precast reinforced concrete columns is presented in this paper. The displacement-based methodology introduced herein is distinguished from conventional force-based codified methods of aseismic design of structures. As evidenced by results from field tests precast reinforced concrete columns can be displaced to a generous limit without sustaining damage and then fully recover from most of the displacement afterwards. Realistic predictions of the displacement demand of such (rocking) system in conjunction with the displacement capacity estimates enable fragility curves for overturning to be constructed. The interesting observation from the developed fragility curves is that the probability of failure of the precast soft-storey column decreases with increasing size of the column importantly illustrating the "size effect" phenomenon.

}, doi = {10.12989/eas.2015.8.1.001}, url = {http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=TPTPJW_2015_v8n1_1}, author = {Bidur Kafle and Nelson Lam and Elisa Lumantarna and Emad F Gad and John Wilson} } @conference {bnh-2779, title = {Seismic assessment of non-ductile reinforced concrete C-shaped walls in Australia}, booktitle = {The Eighth International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference, Sydney, Australia.}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Elisa Lumantarna}, editor = {Helen M. Goldsworthy} } @conference {bnh-2778, title = {Torsional Displacement for Asymmetric Low-Rise Buildings with RC C-shaped Cores.}, booktitle = {Tenth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sydney, Australia.}, year = {2015}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-1891, title = {The 2012 Moe Earthquake and Earthquake Attenuation in South Eastern Australia}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference 2014}, year = {2014}, month = {11/2014}, abstract = {

In 2012 the state of Victoria experienced its largest earthquake in thirty years. The epicentre of the ML 5.4 earthquake is located near the town of Moe, within an area of elevated seismicity called the south-eastern seismic zone. The main event as well as over 200 aftershocks were recorded and located in a coordinated study by the University of Melbourne (UoM), Geoscience Australia (GA) and the Seismology Research Centre. At the time of the largest aftershock (ML 4.4), five instruments were operating within a 20km radius from the epicentre {\textendash} providing a unique near-source strong motion record. This paper presents the spectral acceleration response results captured from the two events at a range of distances. Estimations of the VS30 parameter have been obtained for the underlying soil structure of some of the recordings stations using available borehole data, soil classification maps, observation of the natural period and using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. The acceleration response spectra calculated from the ground motions are thus at sites with estimated site-soil properties and these spectra have been compared with estimated values from potentially applicable attenuation models, including the latest NGA-West 2 functions released in 2014. These comparisons indicate the level of compatibility of spectra obtained using the actual data with predictions made using the different attenuation models. The results show a wide range of accuracy with the current attenuation models that are thought to be applicable to the region. This is of particular importance in assisting to select the most suitable attenuation models for future Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analyses in eastern Australia (Non-Cratonic) and other regions of Australia; the results from this type of hazard analysis are highly dependent on the attenuation model chosen to represent the area of interest.

}, keywords = {Attenuation, Australia, GMPE, HVSR, Intraplate, Moe Earthquake, NGA-West 2, South Eastern}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Anita Amirsardari and D. Sandiford and Elisa Lumantarna and Helen M. Goldsworthy and G. Gibson and Michael Asten} } @conference {bnh-1889, title = {Deaggregating the differences between seismic hazard assessments at a single site}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference 2014}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

In the last few years there have been several probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHA) of Adelaide. The resulting 500 year PGA obtained are 0.059, 0.067, 0.109 and 0.141. The differences between the first three are readily accounted for by choice of GMPE, how faults are included and differences in recurrence estimation, with each of these having a similar level of importance. As no GMPEs exist for the Mt Lofty and Flingers Ranges the choices of GMPEs were all based on geological analogies. The choice of at what weighting to include low attenuation, that is a stable continental crust, GMPE was most important. At a return period of 500 year the inclusion of faults was not necessarily significant. The choice of whether the faults behaved with Characteristic or Gutenberg-Richter recurrence statistics had the highest impact on the hazard with the choice of slip rate the next most important. A low slip rate Characteristic fault, while increasing the hazard for longer return periods (i.e. >=2500 years), results in only a minor increase at 500 years. The magnitude frequency distribution b-value for the four studies were 1.043, 0.88, 0.915 and 0.724. For the same activity in the magnitude range of 3.0 to 3.5, the activity level at M 6.0 is an order of magnitude higher for a b-value of 0.724 compared to a b-value of 1.043. This increase in activity rate of larger earthquakes significantly increases the hazard. The average of the first three studies is 0.078{\textpm}0.022 (0.056 {\textendash}0.100) g. This range is reflecting the intrinsic uncertainty in calculating PSHAs where many of the inputs are poorly constrained. The results for the highest hazard level PSHA study (i.e. 0.141g) can be explained by their use of a low b-value (i.e. 0.724).

}, author = {M. Leonard and Ryan D. Hoult and Somerville, P and G. Gibson and D. Sandiford and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna and S. Spiliopoulos} } @conference {bnh-1890, title = {Seismic Performance of Typical C-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Shear Cores in Australia}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference 2014}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Limited-ductile reinforced concrete structures have been known to perform poorly when subjected to large seismic ground motions. Many buildings in Australia rely on reinforced concrete shear-cores as their primary lateral load resiting system, but these are only required to have a low standard of detailing as per the current concrete material standards AS 3600. While there is some literature available on the numerical and analytical modelling of rectangular shaped shear walls, non-rectangular shear walls have not been extensively analysed. {\textquotedblleft}C-shaped{\textquotedblright} shear walls are commonly found enclosing a service core, lifts, stairs and toilets. This paper presents a study which looks at the seismic performance of C-shaped shear walls with different steel reinforcement ratios for low, mid and high-rise buildings. The current earthquake actions code AS 1170.4 has been used for a preliminary design of the walls using a force-based design approach within which the intention is to satisfy the performance objective of life safety in a 500 year return period earthquake design level event in Melbourne. The displacement capacity of these different core walls has been calculated using a Displacement-Based Assessment procedure and complemented with finite element modelling program SeismoStruct. The results of a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using the AUS5 recurrence model that has been conducted for the city of Melbourne has been used to calculate more accurate predictions of the displacement response spectra for 500 and 2500-year return periods. The C-shaped core walls have then been assessed by comparing the displacement capacity at different structural performance limit states to the displacement spectra derived from the current earthquake loading code AS 1170.4 and the spectra results from the PSHA for both the 500 and 2500-year return periods and for soil classes Be and De.

}, keywords = {AUS5, Australia, capacity, concrete, Core, displacement-based, earthquake, limited-ductile, low-to-moderate, PSHA, seismicity, spectra, unconfined, Walls}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Helen M. Goldsworthy and Elisa Lumantarna} } @conference {bnh-1888, title = {Ground Motion Modelling and Response Spectra for Australian Earthquakes}, booktitle = {Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference 2013}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

Due to the relatively low frequency of large earthquake events in Australia, and the\ inadequacy of recorded data, engineering seismologists commonly adapt ground motion\ prediction equations (GMPEs) developed from other regions with similar conditions to the\ Australian continent for the calculation of acceleration and displacement response. Recent\ improvements using high quality recorded data have given rise to Next Generation\ Attenuation (NGA) ground motion models. However, these NGA ground motion models\ show significant discrepancies with other ground motion prediction equations that have been\ developed and used in Australia, and these include the models that have helped establish the\ new Australian Earthquake Hazard Map. This paper presents a study which looks at the\ possibility of a very rare earthquake occurring at close proximity to the Sydney CBD. The\ suitability of use in Australia of the various available ground motion models is discussed, and\ some of these models are used to calculate the acceleration and displacement response\ spectra. There is a large discrepancy observed between the western North American derived\ NGAs and some of the other Australian GMPEs. The SHAKE2000 computer program was\ used to illustrate amplification of response at a soil site relative to that at a rock site. An\ NGA-West 2 model, that will be available in 2013, is also shown to illustrate improvements\ to the original 2008 NGA models.

}, keywords = {Australian earthquakes, ground motion prediction equations, intra-plate, Next generation attenuation, NGA-West 2, SHAKE2000}, author = {Ryan D. Hoult and Elisa Lumantarna and Helen M. Goldsworthy} }