@article {bnh-2533, title = {Secondary Traumatic Stress in Postdisaster Field Research Interviewers}, journal = {Journal of Traumatic Stress}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2016}, abstract = {

Numerous studies show that those involved in disaster response may develop posttraumatic stress disorder or experience secondary traumatic stress (STS). There are few reports about the experiences of postdisaster field research interviewers. We report findings from a follow-up study of researchers who conducted postwildfire field research interviews with residents affected by 5 severe wildfire events in Australia over the period 2009{\textendash}2014. There were 33 postwildfire research interviewers who reported their experiences, and 18 of them (54.5\%) described distressing interviews involving deaths, surviving severe threats to life, and destruction of houses. There were 27 (81.6\%) who reported having experienced 1 or more STS symptoms on a 20-item measure. Those who conducted interviews following a multifatality wildfire event reported higher levels of STS symptoms compared with researchers whose interviews followed nonfatal wildfires. There were 21 (63.6\%) researchers who reported that their interviewing experiences had positive effects on their lives. This indicates that the researcher role of gathering information so that future wildfire risk could be mitigated may have served a protective function.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jts.22072/abstract;jsessionid=03E06FC8DFD29B9B128449799C0A6E51.f01t01?userIsAuthenticated=false\&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=}, author = {Jim McLennan and Lynette Evans and Sean Cowlishaw and Lindsay Pamment and Wright, Lyndsey} } @article {bnh-1745, title = {Predictors of south-eastern Australian householders{\textquoteright} strengths of intentions to self-evacuate if a wildfire threatens: two theoretical models}, journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire}, volume = {23}, year = {2014}, month = {11/11/2014}, pages = {1176-1188}, chapter = {1176}, abstract = {

Householder evacuation in the face of a wildfire threat is the survival option advocated by fire agencies. However, late evacuation is common and has resulted in loss of life. The primary aim of this study was to investigate potential predictors of householders{\textquoteright} strength of intention to leave early in response to a bushfire threat warning. A survey of 584 residents of bushfire-prone locations in south-eastern Australia was conducted. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and protection motivation theory (PMT) were used to explore predictors of strength of householders{\textquoteright} intentions to leave, or to stay and defend following a bushfire warning. TPB was a useful predictor of strength of intention to leave, but PMT was not such a useful predictor of strength of intention to leave. Householder efficacy and self-characterisation were important contributors, whereas perceptions of severity and susceptibility to threat were not found to be significant contributors. Neither model performed well in predicting strength of intention to stay and defend. The findings are discussed in relation to community wildfire safety research and practice.

}, keywords = {Natural hazards, stay or go policy}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF13219}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF13219}, author = {Jim McLennan and Sean Cowlishaw and Paton, Douglas and Beatson, Ruth and Elliott, Glenn} } @article {BF-2496, title = {Work-family conflict and crossover in volunteer emergency service workers}, journal = {Work \& Stress}, volume = {24}, year = {2010}, month = {10/2010}, pages = {342 - 358}, abstract = {A growing literature indicates that organizational and work demands place pressure on the partners and families of volunteer workers as it does on paid workers. This study evaluated a conceptual model integrating workfamily conflict and stress crossover theoretical frameworks, to investigate the mechanisms by which emergency service volunteer work, specifically, predicts outcomes for the partners of volunteers. Matched data from 102 couples in which one partner was an Australian emergency services volunteer  firefighter, ambulance officer or emergency rescue volunteer  were analysed using structural equation modelling analyses. Findings suggested that one mechanism by which inter-role conflict related to partner adjustment was through elevated withdrawn marital behaviour and decreased intimacy reported by the couple, which indirectly affected partners{\textquoteright} distress. This finding regarding withdrawn behaviour appears to be novel and may also be applicable to paid workers. Alternative mechanisms involving role overload and angry marital behaviour were not supported. These findings extend limited research which has adapted organizational theory to understand processes affecting volunteer workers, and advance conceptual accounts of the mechanisms through which the partners and families of workers are impacted by inter-role conflict.}, doi = {10.1080/02678373.2010.532947}, author = {Sean Cowlishaw and Lynette Evans and Jim McLennan} } @article {BF-1308, title = {The balance between volunteer work and family roles: Testing a theoretical model of work-family conflict in the volunteer emergency services}, journal = {Australian Journal of Psychology}, year = {2009}, author = {Sean Cowlishaw and Lynette Evans and Jim McLennan} } @article {BF-2405, title = {Family functioning predicts outcomes for veterans in treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.}, journal = {Journal of Family Psychology}, volume = {23}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {531 - 539}, abstract = {A longitudinal framework was used to examine the competing hypotheses of (a) whether family functioning predicts changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms or (b) whether PTSD symptoms predict changes in family functioning. Veterans (N = 311) admitted to a treatment program completed a series of questionnaires at 3 time points: at intake, from intake to completion of a treatment program, and at the 6-month follow-up. Alcohol use and general mental health symptoms were also measured at intake. A cross-lagged panel model using structural equation modeling analyses indicated that family functioning was a moderate predictor of PTSD symptoms at posttreatment and at the 6-month follow-up. PTSD was not a significant predictor of family functioning across time and alcohol use, and general mental health symptoms did not affect the overall findings. Further analyses of PTSD symptom clusters indicated that the avoidance symptom cluster was most strongly related to family functioning. Targeting family relationships for treatment may be important in the future for veterans with PTSD}, doi = {10.1037/a0015877}, author = {Lynette Evans and Sean Cowlishaw and Hopwood, Malcolm} } @article {BF-1320, title = {Impacts of emergency service volunteering on family members and relationships: Integrating work-family conflict and crossover models in the volunteer emergency services}, year = {2009}, author = {Sean Cowlishaw and Lynette Evans and Jim McLennan} } @article {BF-1310, title = {Volunteer firefighting and family life: An organisational perspective on conflict between volunteer and family roles}, journal = {Australian Journal on Volunteering }, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {12/15/2008}, pages = {21-31}, url = {http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=580578472457285;res=IELHSS}, author = {Sean Cowlishaw and Jim McLennan and Lynette Evans} } @article {BF-1339, title = {Factors impacting on recruiting and retaining Australia{\textquoteright}s volunteer firefighters: Some reseach evidence}, journal = {Australian Journal on Volunteering}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, author = {Jim McLennan and Birch, Adrian and Beatson, Ruth and Sean Cowlishaw} } @proceedings {BF-1323, title = {Volunteer firefighting: A job for a woman?}, year = {2007}, address = {Adelaide}, author = {Jim McLennan and Birch, Adrian and Beatson, Ruth and Sean Cowlishaw} } @article {BF-1336, title = {Impacts of fire service volunteering on the families of volunteers: a literature review and research agenda}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/impact-volunteering-families.pdf}, author = {Sean Cowlishaw} }