@mastersthesis {bnh-6825, title = {Development of an interface using penalisation method for improving computational performance of bushfire simulation tools}, volume = {Master of Engineering}, year = {2019}, month = {05/2019}, pages = {350}, school = {Victoria University}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Wind is the dominant environmental factor affecting wildland fire intensity and spread. Previously, fire analysts and managers have relied on local measurements and site-specific forecasts to determine how winds influence fire. The advancements in computer hardware, increased availability of electronic topographical and experimental data, and advances in numerical methods for computing winds, have led to the development of new tools capable of simulating wind flow. Several numerical models have been developed for fire prediction and forecasting. Modelling wind in physics-based models like Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) has been shown to produce promising results, but at an inordinate cost. Because of the high computational expense, physics-based models are not suitable for operational use. Little research has been conducted to improve the computational speed of these models. The current study intends to decrease the computational cost of physics-based fire simulations and improve physics-based models by including more complicated driving winds.\ 

Physics-based wildfire simulations are driven by inlet boundary conditions which model the atmospheric boundary layer. Various inlet conditions, such as the 1/7-powerlaw or the log law models with artificial turbulence (e.g. the synthetic eddy method, [SEM]) can be used as an inlet to generate a statistically steady wind field for a fire simulation. The power-law inlet is the default inlet condition used in FDS where the wind develops turbulence as it sweeps through the domain, and is often used with wall-of-wind\ type methods. The log-law inlet generates a log wind profile similar to Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). Development of techniques for imposing inlet conditions and initial conditions for flow simulations have been topics of interest for the past few decades. CUrrent inlet and initial conditions requires time in a scale order of 100s of CPU hours, for generating an appropriate condition to start a fire simulation, hence resulting in increased computational expense. A novel nesting method has been implemented, which involves two regions: penalisation and blending, named as the PenaBlending method. The initial conditions of the fire simulations in FDS are set to the initial condition prescribed by an external model or simulation. This is achieved by a one-way coupling method. External wind data, for which u,v,w can vary in space and time, can be obtained. The precursor data can be generated either from any reduced wind model such as Windninha, which gives terrain\ modified wind data, or by using analytical methods such as generating logarithmic windfield using Matlab.\ These external data can be introduced into the FDS domain\ through a penalization region at the inlet/outlet. A blending region has also been\ implemented near the specified inlet/outlet which allows a smooth mixing of a precursor\ wind field to that in the simulation domain. This new inlet condition allows complicated\ terrain modified temporally and spatially varying wind fields, obtained from precursor\ simulations or any other models, to be implemented relatively easily in the FDS domain. To test the implementation of this method, a flat terrain is considered in the current study.\ However, this method could also be used for complicated terrain structures, as a part of\ future studies. The PenaBlending method provides appropriate flow conditions with reduced\ computational effort (up to  80\%), to start a fire simulation, and, hence, reduces\ the computational expense of physics-based models.

The results obtained using the PenaBlending method have been compared with that obtained using the existing inlet conditions of FDS, like the SEM method, wall-of-wind method and mean-forcing methods, using the 1/7 power-law or log-law inlets. To test these three methods, a set of fire simulations have been conducted and tested against the PenaBlending method. It was found that the results of the PenaBlending methods agree well with that of existing methods, with small variations for both the wind and fire cases.\ 

FDS 6.6.0 (the version used in this study) requires a very fine grid to obtain grid convergence. This is not feasible in the case of a large-scale simulation because of very high computation cost. FDS 6.2.0, with a reaction-rate-limiter combustion model, needs less fine grids to obtain grid convergence. Therefore, this combustion model is re-introduced into FDS 6.6.0, providing an option\ \ of choosing between two different combustion models,\ as a part of this study. For all the simulations, the reaction-rate-limiter combustion\ model has been used. The simulations are carried out in a neutral-atmospheric stability\ condition. However, the PenaBlending method can apply any general driving wind, and\ the effect of atmospheric stability, could be included, as part of future studies. The PenaBlending\ method could be extended in conjunction with Monin-Obukhov Similarity\ Theory (introduced in FDS 6.6.0) to model fire in various atmospheric stability conditions.

}, keywords = {computational fluid dynamics, Fire, fire dynamics simulator, Physics-based modelling, Wildfire, wind}, url = {http://vuir.vu.edu.au/40023/}, author = {Sesa Singha Roy} } @article {bnh-4976, title = {Improvements to wind field generation in physics-based models to reduce spin-up time and to account for terrain, heated earth surface}, year = {2018}, month = {10/2018}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, abstract = {

Wind is one of the most important environmental variables that affects the wildland fire spread and intensity. Previously, fire analysts and managers have relied on local measurements and site-specific forecasts to determine winds influencing a fire. However, advances in computer hardware increased the availability of electronic topographical data, and advances in numerical methods for computing winds have led to the development of new tools capable of simulating wind flow. Several numerical models have been developed for fire prediction. The most widely used physics-based models come with a limitation of computational expenses, because of which these are not suitable for operational use. Our main intention of this study is to reduce this limitation of physics-based models so that fire forecasts can be made faster and easier. Modelling wind in physics-based models such as Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) has been shown to reproduce promising results, but at an inordinate cost. So, we will be using FDS as physics-based model to simulate fire. There are various methods available to generate wind field in FDS. The conventional methods of wind field generation are either an unperturbed inlet profile with a roughness-trip or the by embedding artificial turbulence at the inlet. The wind fields generated by these inlet conditions are compared with each other as well as to the wind field generated using a mean-forcing method for neutral atmospheric conditions. We have then used these inlet conditions to study the effects of fire spread in FDS. Currently, we are working on introducing a method in FDS known as penalization method, so that we can use real time wind data from other wind models, such as Windninja into FDS and perform fire simulations. Our hypothesis is that introduction of this method would reduce the simulation time of fire cases to some extent and moreover can include terrain effect in the wind profiles.

}, issn = {415}, author = {Khalid Moinuddin and Sesa Singha Roy and Duncan Sutherland and Nazmul Khan} }