@article {bnh-7922, title = {Improving the resilience of existing housing to severe wind events - final project report}, number = {656}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

This BNHCRC project titled:\  Improving the resilience of existing housing to severe wind events prescribes practical structural retrofits that will make improvements to the performance of Pre-80s (Legacy) houses in windstorms as well as measures to reduce damage and loss to contemporary houses.

Damage investigations carried out by the Cyclone Testing Station (CTS) following severe windstorms have typically shown that houses built prior to the mid-1980s in Australia perform worse than houses constructed to contemporary building standards, during windstorms. Given that these older houses are a significant proportion of the housing stock, practical structural upgrading based on the latest research may improve performance of housing and the economic and social wellbeing of a community.

Some details for structural retrofitting currently exist, but their uptake is limited, and there is also evidence that these are not carried out when houses require repairs following severe storms. Therefore, the issues of retrofitting legacy housing, including feasibility and benefit-cost are analysed in this project.

The primary objective of this study was to identify vulnerable legacy house types across Australia and develop cost-effective retrofits for mitigating damage during windstorms. These evidence-based strategies will (a) aid policy formulation and decision making by Government and industry, and (b) provide guidelines detailing various options and benefits to homeowners and the industry for retrofitting typical at-risk houses in Australia. The main aims were to:

This report presents an overview of the research approach used for this project including the selection of house types, the development of the VAWS software and the Internet-based guidelines. A case study is presented of the vulnerability and benefit cost assessment of one of the selected house types, with the complete set of results presented in the Appendices. These results show that tile roofed houses in cyclonic regions of Australia benefit the most from retrofitting for severe wind events. The benefit-cost ratios for these tile roof houses and other house types are expected to improve when accounting for intangible costs, which are currently not included in the analyses presented in this report. In addition, examples of the impacts and utilisation of this project including the Queensland Government Housing Resilience Program are also presented.

}, keywords = {cyclone, events, existing housing, resilience, severe, wind}, issn = {656}, author = {John Ginger and Korah Parackal and David Henderson and Martin Wehner and Hyeuk Ryu and Mark Edwards} } @article {bnh-7300, title = {Improving the resilience of existing housing to severe wind events: annual report 2019-2020}, number = {607}, year = {2020}, month = {09/2020}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

This BNHCRC project titled:\  Improving the resilience of existing housing to severe wind events prescribes practical structural retrofits that will make improvements to the performance of Pre-80s (Legacy) houses in windstorms as well as measures to reduce damage and loss to modern homes.

The major activity carried out in 2019-20 by the CTS-JCU and GA has been refining the VAWS software package using detailed wind loading and structural response test data and conducting a benefit-cost analysis for a range of retrofit or mitigation options:\ 

The retrofit options for the ten selected house types are also being provided as guideline in a website that is being produced. In line with the project timeline, an alpha version of this tool will be presented to Stakeholders in the next Quarter with the intention of having the final version released at the end of the project.

This project continues to give advice to the Queensland Government Household Resilience Program which provides funding to low income eligible home owners to improve the resilience of their homes against cyclones. This program managed by the Queensland Department of Housing \& Public Works (QDHPW) commenced in late 2018 and has been extended through 2020. Eligible home owners can apply to receive a Queensland Government grant of 75\% of the cost of improvements (up to a maximum of $11,250 including GST. About 1700 houses have been retrofitted so far.\ 

}, keywords = {Housing, resilience, severe wind}, issn = {607}, author = {Korah Parackal and Martin Wehner and John Ginger and Hyeuk Ryu and David Henderson and Mark Edwards} } @article {bnh-6885, title = {Progressive failures of batten to rafter connections under fluctuating wind loads}, journal = {Engineering Structures}, volume = {215}, year = {2020}, month = {05/2020}, abstract = {

Batten to rafter connections in light framed timber housing can be vulnerable to wind loading, and failures of these connections are one of the more common failure modes seen in post windstorm damage surveys. Such failures often occur in a progressive or cascading manner resulting in the loss of a large section of the roof envelope. These progressive failures of batten to rafter connections are a complex process influenced by the pressure fluctuations on the roof surface, the response of individual connections and the behaviour of the structural system as a whole. This study presents a method for examining load redistribution and progressive failure behaviour of batten to rafter connections in light framed structures. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed using a finite element model using fluctuating pressures determined from a wind tunnel study and connection properties determined from laboratory testing of connections under dynamic loads.

}, keywords = {Light framed structures, Low-rise buildings, progressive failures, wind loads}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110684}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141029619346395}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-5494, title = {Analysis of damage surveys of houses and preliminary input of VAWs}, number = {477}, year = {2019}, month = {04/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Significant financial loss in terms of cost of rebuilding or repair and loss of function of property (e.g. commercial activity, rental, relocation of residents, etc.), has been documented following recent severe tropical cyclones impacting the Australian coastal communities. These damage investigations estimate that the wind speeds in these events were less than the Australian building standard{\textquoteright}s design level wind speed for the regions impacted. Analysis of insurance claims data highlights issues with wind driven rain water damage. Additionally, investigations of the damaged buildings along with analysis of claims data reveals a high proportion of the losses are associated with contemporary construction as opposed to pre-current code buildings.\ 

Education and awareness of consequences of such failures (e.g. damage to property and risk to life) is required in all steps of the building process (regulation, design, construction, certification and maintenance) and by all parties (designer, builder, certifier, and owner).

}, keywords = {building risk, resilience, severe wind, VAWs}, author = {David Henderson and Daniel Smith and Korah Parackal and John Ginger} } @article {bnh-6311, title = {Community benefits of roof upgrades}, number = {528}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Legacy houses (Houses built Pre-1982) are at risk of damage from wind loads due to the often inadequate roof hold down provided by connection details. Improving wind resistance through replacing roof connections or retrofitting the existing structure can greatly improve building performance and community safety. The Queensland Government Household Resilience Program (HRP) provides funding to help eligible home owners improve the resilience of their homes against cyclones. This program developed with advice from the Cyclone Testing Station is managed by the Queensland Department of Housing \& Public Works (QDPWH) and commenced in late 2018.

}, keywords = {community resilience, cyclones, Emergency management, engineering, resilience, roof, Severe Weather}, issn = {528}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and David Henderson and Martin Wehner} } @article {bnh-6276, title = {Improving the resilience of existing housing to severe wind events - annual report 2018-19}, number = {524}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

This project will provide practical structural retrofits that will make a significant improvement in the performance of Pre-80s (Legacy) houses to wind loads. The major activity carried out in 2018-19 by the CTS-JCU and GA has been progressing the VAWS software package using wind loading and structural response and other test data:

This project has also provided advice to the Queensland Government Household Resilience Program which provides funding to help eligible home owners improve the resilience of their homes against cyclones. This program is managed by the Queensland Department of Housing \& Public Works (QDHPW) and commenced in late 2018. Eligible home owners can apply to receive a Queensland Government grant of 75\% of the cost of improvements (up to a maximum of $11,250 including GST. About 2000 houses have been retrofitted.

}, keywords = {building resilience, cyclones, Emergency management, engineering, Housing, severe wind, storms, structural design}, issn = {524}, author = {John Ginger and Korah Parackal and Martin Wehner and Hyeuk Ryu and David Henderson and Mark Edwards} } @article {bnh-6333, title = {Model for assessing the vulnerability of Australian housing to windstorms - VAWS}, number = {529}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Modelling the vulnerability of houses in windstorms is important for insurance pricing, policy-making, and emergency management. Models for Australian house types have been developed since the 1970s, and have ranged from empirical models to more advanced reliability based structural engineering models, which provide estimates of damage for a range of wind speeds of interest. This report describes the development of a software program: Vulnerability and Adaption to Wind Simulation (VAWS), which uses probability based reliability analysis and structural engineering for the loading and response coupled with an extensive test database and field damage assessments to calculate the damage experienced by selected Australian house types.\ \ 

}, keywords = {building resilience, cyclone, Emergency management, engineering, severe wind, wind modelling}, issn = {529}, author = {Korah Parackal and Martin Wehner and Hyeuk Ryu and John Ginger and David Henderson and Mark Edwards} } @conference {bnh-6407, title = {Modelling the vulnerability of a high-set house roof structure to windstorms using VAWS }, booktitle = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Research Day AFAC19}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Modelling the vulnerability of houses in windstorms is important for insurance pricing, policy-making, and emergency management. Vulnerability models for Australian house types have been developed since the 1970s and have ranged from empirical models to more advanced reliability based structural engineering models, which provide estimates of damage for a range of wind speeds of interest. This paper describes recent developments in the engineering based vulnerability modelling software: {\textquoteleft}Vulnerability and Adaption to Wind Simulation{\textquoteright} (VAWS), which uses probability based reliability analysis and structural engineering for the loading and response coupled with an extensive test database and field damage assessments to calculate the damage experienced by selected Australian house types. A case study is presented to demonstrate the program{\textquoteright}s ability to model progressive failures, internal pressurization and debris impact.

}, keywords = {debris, simulation, structures, VAWs, Vulnerability, wind}, url = {https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/australian-journal-of-emergency-management-monograph-series/}, author = {Korah Parackal and Martin Wehner and Hyeuk Ryu and John Ginger and Daniel Smith and David Henderson and Mark Edwards} } @article {bnh-6666, title = {Rainwater ingress through residential sliding doors}, number = {545}, year = {2019}, month = {06/2019}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

Damage investigations carried out following windstorms have shown significant damage caused by rainwater ingress (Boughton, Falck et al. 2017). A preliminary experimental study was carried out at the Cyclone Testing Station (CTS) that simulated wind driven rain on a residential window under strong wind conditions to observe rainwater ingress.

The external pressures on a building envelope vary in time and space on the surface of a building with windward walls experiencing positive pressures and all other surfaces (side and leeward walls and roof) subjected to negative pressures.

Internal pressure fluctuations in a nominally sealed building with a porous envelope, are generally much lower than the external pressure fluctuations. This internal pressure is usually a small suction pressure and hence the net (i.e. (external {\textendash} internal)) pressure across the windward wall is positive but negative across the other surfaces. This pressure differential along with wind driven rain can result in air-entrained water ingress into the building through windows that are closed due to gaps and weep-holes.

Preliminary tests were conducted at the CTS on a window attached to the wind driven rain simulator (WDRS) to assess rainwater leakage and potential measures that could reduce leakage.

}, keywords = {ingress, rainwater, sliding doors}, issn = {545}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and Leblais, Alex and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-6656, title = {Retrofitting of a high-set Queensland house for wind loading}, number = {541}, year = {2019}, month = {06/2019}, institution = {Bushfire \& Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

This report presents a preliminary study on the retrofitting/upgrading of roofing connections in an older Australian house type to improve its performance under wind loading. The house type selected is a rectangular plan high-set house with a low pitched gable roof. These houses are common in North Queensland and have been the subject of previous vulnerability studies by the Cyclone Testing Station. In previous studies this house type is also known as the {\textquoteleft}Group-4 House{\textquoteright}.

Vulnerability to wind loads of a population of these houses will be estimated using the Vulnerability and Wind Simulation (VAWS) software that is currently under development by the Cyclone Testing Station and Geoscience Australia. The changes to vulnerability functions for four connection upgrading scenarios are investigated. These preliminary analyses are used to inform initial cost benefit estimates for retrofitting older Australian houses.

}, keywords = {Housing, retrofitting, roofing, wind loading}, issn = {541}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and Martin Wehner and David Henderson} } @mastersthesis {bnh-6714, title = {The structural response and progressive failure of batten to rafter connections under wind loads}, year = {2018}, month = {12/2018}, school = {James Cook University}, address = {Brisbane}, abstract = {

Batten to rafter connections in light framed timber housing are vulnerable to wind\ loading and failures of these connections are one of the more common failure modes\ seen in post windstorm damage surveys. Such failures often occur in a progressive or\ cascading manner resulting in the loss of a large section of the building envelope.\ These progressive failures of batten to rafter connections are a complex process\ influenced by the pressure fluctuations on the roof surface, the response of individual\ connections and the behaviour of the structural system as a whole.

This study presents a method of examining load redistribution and progressive failure\ behaviour of batten to rafter connections in light framed structures. Nonlinear time\ history analysis was performed using a finite element model using fluctuating\ pressures determined from a wind tunnel study and connection properties determined\ from laboratory testing of connections under dynamic loads.

Flow separation and building-induced turbulence cause intermittent {\textquoteleft}peak-events{\textquoteright}\ where negative pressures on the roof surface are especially high. These {\textquoteright}peak-events{\textquoteright}\ can move across the roof causing high loads occurring at different connections with\ slight lead or lag times. Damage to connections occur during the {\textquoteright}peak events{\textquoteright} as nails\ are incrementally withdrawn. Loads are redistributed and load paths change during\ nail slips, causing damage to spread from an initial location. Load redistribution\ continues until a few connections fail completely, upon which a cascading failure\ occurs where almost all connections on the roof fail in rapid succession.

As an application of this research, the analyses performed were used to assess the fragility of batten-rafter failures, and the most vulnerable parts of the roof identified. Cost effective retrofitting measures can be justified and designed with this\ information.

}, keywords = {batten to rafter, Correlation of loads, Light framed structures, Low-rise buildings, progressive failures, wind engineering, wind loads, Wind tunnel study}, url = {https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/62277/}, author = {Korah Parackal} } @article {bnh-4467, title = {Wind load fluctuations on roof batten to rafter/truss connections}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering \& Industrial Aerodynamics}, volume = {175}, year = {2018}, month = {02/2018}, abstract = {

Batten to rafter connections in light framed housing can be vulnerable to progressive or cascading failures where a localised failure can cause the loss of a large section of the roof envelope. The synchrony of loads at neighbouring connections may affect the initiation of such failures. A 1/50 length scale wind tunnel model study was performed on a gable roof house to record spatial and temporal pressure fluctuations on the roof surface and data were studied to determine the flow separation mechanisms causing different loading patterns on batten to rafter connections. The cross correlation between load time histories was used to give a measure of synchrony between loads experienced at neighbouring connections and indicate the direction that fluctuations move across the roof. Orthogonal wind directions result in 2-dimensional flow separation that produce more synchronous loads at batten to rafter connections than cornering wind directions, where conical vortices produce high uplift forces on connections. The patterns of loading and their correlations give a means of identifying which parts of the roof and which approach wind directions may result in the initiation of a progressive failure of batten to rafter connections.

}, keywords = {Correlation of loads, Light framed structures, Low-rise buildings, Progressive failures., Wind tunnel study}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.032}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610517304506}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-3957, title = {Development of a full-scale structural testing program to evaluate the resistance of Australian houses to wind loads}, journal = {Frontiers in Built Environment}, year = {2017}, month = {04/2017}, abstract = {

Extensive damage to houses during severe tropical cyclones in the 1970s in Australia highlighted the need for research-based structural engineering principles to be applied in design and construction of houses. Houses have structural redundancies and complex load paths, so the analysis of even simple houses was complicated. In order to evaluate the structural performance of these parallel systems, full-scale house testing commenced at the Cyclone Testing Station (CTS) in the early 1980s with the static multipoint loading of an old house destined for demolition. Following that test program, nine full-scale houses were tested under static and cyclic loading to evaluate load paths in different types of houses with different building practices and materials. Results have been incorporated into amendments of house construction codes, standards, and manuals. Advances in computer modeling and instrumentation have led to more sophisticated full-scale studies. Data on real houses under construction have informed this work and enabled analytical models to incorporate variability in strength of connections in a way that a single test cannot. Progressive failure in the structural systems of timber-framed housing can now be studied to differentiate between houses that have significant damage and seemingly identical ones that have limited damage in the same wind event. These studies involve wind tunnel investigations to determine temporal pressure distributions; full-scale multiple tests on connections (with and without construction defects) to determine statistical distributions of strength and load/deflection relationships; and full-scale tests on houses or portions of houses to determine load sharing mechanisms between parallel structural and non-structural elements. The results of the test programs were used to calibrate the analytical models, which can be used for reliability studies. The paper presents a summary of the methodology and findings from previous CTS full-scale house tests. The results of the most recent research using full-scale tests on a portion of a house and its companion numerical models are discussed and the benefits and limitations of the process outlined.

}, doi = {10.3389/fbuil.2017.00021}, url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbuil.2017.00021/full}, author = {Boughton, Geoffrey N. and Korah Parackal and Satheeskumar, N and David Henderson} } @conference {bnh-3922, title = {Load sharing between batten to rafter connections under wind loading}, booktitle = {13th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, address = {Gainesville, Florida}, abstract = {

Single nailed batten to rafter connections of non-cyclonic region houses were tested under quasi-static ramp loads and under fluctuating dynamic loads determined from a wind tunnel study. Dynamic connection testing showed that nails of connections slip during intermittent {\textquoteleft}peak events{\textquoteright} in the wind load time history with connection failure occurring after several peak events. Non-linear time-history structural analysis was performed on a system of batten to rafter connections where connection testing data were used to model the nominal force-displacement relationships of the nailed connections. This preliminary computer analysis was able to capture the effects of load sharing and redistribution during nail slips and progressive failures.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317411903_Load_Sharing_Between_Batten_to_Rafter_Connections_under_Wind_Loading}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and D. J. Smith and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-4230, title = {Severe wind hazard preliminary assessment: Tropical Cyclone Debbie, Whitsunday Coast, Queensland, Australia}, year = {2017}, month = {03/2017}, institution = {James Cook University}, address = {Townsville}, abstract = {

Severe Tropical Cyclone Debbie was a category 4 system that made landfall near Airlie Beach (Figure 1) on the north Queensland coast at midday on the 28th of March, 2017. As part of a continuing effort to better characterize wind fields that impact communities during severe wind events, the Cyclone Testing Station (with collaborators from the Wind Research Laboratory at The University of Queensland) deployed SWIRLnet (Surface Weather Relay and Logging Network) weather stations to the region prior to Debbie{\textquoteright}s landfall. Six SWIRLnet towers (3.2 m high anemometers placed in the communities likely to be affected) collected data continuously prior to, during and after landfall. Three towers were deployed in the Ayr/Home Hill region, two in Bowen and one in Proserpine (Figure 2). This Preliminary Assessment Report details the initial observations from these towers, compares these with Bureau of Meteorology Automatic Weather Station observations, and makes some preliminary comment on the damage to structures in stormaffected communities.

}, url = {https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/422951/TC-Debbie-Rapid-Assessment-Report_v8.pdf}, author = {Thomas Kloetzke and Korah Parackal and D. J. Smith and Richard Krupar III and Leblais, Alex and Humphreys, M and Spassiani, Alessio and M. S. Mason and David Roueche and David O Prevatt and David Henderson and Boughton, Geoffrey N.} } @article {bnh-4227, title = {Tropical Cyclone Debbie: damage to buildings in the Whitsunday Region}, number = {63}, year = {2017}, month = {06/2017}, institution = {James Cook University}, address = {Townsville}, abstract = {

Tropical Cyclone Debbie (TC Debbie) was classified by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) as a Category 4 cyclone and crossed the Queensland coast north east of Airlie Beach around midday on Tuesday 28 March 2017.

Before the event, the Cyclone Testing Station (CTS) deployed six mobile anemometers (SWIRLnet) in the area between Ayr and Proserpine. After the event, CTS teams investigated the performance of houses; larger residential structures such as apartments, strata properties and resort accommodation; commercial and public buildings; and sheds. The study area included the communities of Bowen, Proserpine, Airlie Beach, Hamilton Island, Dingo Beach, Wilson{\textquoteright}s Beach and Conway Beach. A wind field was developed using CTS and BoM anemometer data and showed that buildings within the study area experienced wind speeds lower than their relevant design wind speed.

CTS teams assessed the causes of damage to buildings from wind, wind-driven rainwater and storm surge. Inadequate tie-down details between battens and rafters or trusses, and between the roof structure and walls caused many of the structural failures in buildings constructed before the 1980s. Tie-down connections between roof structure and walls that had been inappropriately detailed also failed on some recently constructed buildings. Connections between verandah beams and posts on some buildings with larger verandahs also failed. \ 

This study confirmed the findings of previous damage investigations concerning the vulnerability of: windows with inadequate fixings, window and door furniture; poorly fixed flashings, gutters and soffit linings; large access doors that had not been strengthened so that they complied with AS/NZS4505; lightweight sheds; and fences.

Many occupants of newer buildings reported significant damage from wind-driven rain entering through windows and doors or under flashings even though there was no structural damage to the building. Many people reported that they mopped up water in front of windward wall windows during periods of maximum winds, which exposed them to risk of injury. Further research is required to improve performance of building elements that leak during high winds.

The storm tide generated during TC Debbie was lower than predicted because the cyclone crossed the coast after high tide. Lower-lying buildings in Wilson Beach were inundated to a height of up to 1.1 m causing damage to wall linings, built-in cupboards, floor coverings and contents. In some cases, wave action broke cladding elements and windows. Wave action and scour undercut footings in some buildings on Hamilton Island and Wilson Beach.\ 

The report provides recommendations to improve the performance of building structure and cladding systems including: adequate detailing for roof to wall connections; improved fixing of flashings, retrofitting options for older buildings; improvements in windows and door furniture under repeated wind loads; and revision of storm surge guidelines.

}, isbn = {978-0-9954470-4-2}, issn = {63}, url = {https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/461178/TC-Debbie-report.pdf}, author = {Boughton, Geoffrey N. and Falck, D. J. and David Henderson and D. J. Smith and Korah Parackal and Thomas Kloetzke and M. S. Mason and Humphreys, M and Navaratnam, S and Bodhinayake, G and Simon Ingham and John Ginger} } @conference {bnh-4158, title = {Correlation of peak wind loads at batten-truss connections}, booktitle = {18th Australasian Wind Engineering Society Workshop}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, publisher = {Australasian Wind Engineering Society}, organization = {Australasian Wind Engineering Society}, address = {McLaren Vale}, abstract = {

Wind loads on roofs fluctuate significantly, both across their surfaces and in time. A 1/50 scale wind tunnel study was conducted to determine the correlations of these load fluctuations on batten to truss connections. This study found that load histories between neighbouring connections are correlated and are sensitive to wind direction. Critical wind directions that cause the highest uplift loads are not necessarily those that experience the highest correlations amongst neighbouring connections. Additionally, for different wind directions loads at connections to the left, right or diagonally across from the critical connections are more correlated, suggesting that the path that a progressive failure takes is dependent on wind direction and the location on the roof where it initiates.

}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and David Henderson} } @conference {bnh-3386, title = {Correlation of peak wind loads at batten-truss connections}, booktitle = {Mechanics of Structures and Materials XXIV}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, address = {Perth, Australia}, url = {https://www.crcpress.com/Mechanics-of-Structures-and-Materials-XXIV-Proceedings-of-the-24th-Australian/Hao-Zhang/p/book/9781138029934}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-5099, title = {Wind loads on contemporary Australian housing}, journal = {Australian Journal of Structural Engineering}, volume = {17}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2016}, abstract = {

Design pressures given in wind loading standards are based on wind tunnel studies conducted during the 1970s to 90s on rectangular hip and gable roofs. However, most contemporary houses have complex hip-roof geometries with a range of plan footprints. Wind tunnel model studies were carried out on representative one- and two-storey houses to determine cladding design and truss hold-down loads. These loads were compared to design loads determined from wind loading standards AS/NZS 1170.2 and AS 4055. AS 4055 gave conservative design loads in most situations, and AS/NZS 1170.2 underestimated the loads near the windward edges and ridge on the roof. AS/NZS 1170.2 does give satisfactory design loads for wall cladding and truss hold down.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2016.1229375}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13287982.2016.1229375?journalCode=tsen20}, author = {Korah Parackal and Humphreys, M and John Ginger and David Henderson} } @conference {bnh-2092, title = {Investigation of damage: Brisbane 27 November 2014 sever storm event - non peer reviewed extended abstract}, booktitle = {Adelaide Conference 2015}, year = {2015}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, abstract = {

Research proceedings from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC \& AFAC Conference in Adelaide, 1-3 September 2015.\ 

}, author = {Korah Parackal and M. S. Mason and David Henderson and D. J. Smith and John Ginger} } @article {bnh-3381, title = {Vulnerability of buildings and civil infrastructure to tropical cyclones: A preliminary review of modelling approaches and literature}, number = {244}, year = {2015}, month = {02/2017}, institution = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Melbourne}, abstract = {

This report will focus predominantly on the response of assets to extreme wind and flood (coastal and inland inundation) and each asset/network class will be further investigated under the following categories.

o Residential buildings

o Other building types, e.g. commercial, industrial

o Power systems
o Road and transport
o Water supply
o Telecommunication

Given the broad scope of this field, we do not attempt an all-encompassing overview of all works ever undertaken on the topic (particularly for civil infrastructure), but instead focus on those models of most benefit to the scenario analyses required of this project. Because many of the models have been developed internationally, a primary question to be answered is whether they are applicable to Australian conditions.\ 

This document forms a key component of the BNHCRC project {\textquotedblleft}Using realistic disaster scenario analysis to understand natural hazard impacts and emergency management requirements{\textquotedblright} and is structured as follows. First we begin with a brief introduction to the theory and concepts involved in vulnerability modelling. Existing building and civil infrastructure vulnerability models are then reviewed in sections 3 and 4, with the sub-hazards of wind and flood addressed separately where appropriate. Recommendations outlining suitable tools/models for implementation will be made, with a summary of literature presented in tabular form at the end of each section. The concept of network interdependence will be briefly reviewed in section 6 as it applies to network infrastructure and a summary of all recommendations will be provided in 7.\ \ 

}, issn = {244}, author = {M. S. Mason and Korah Parackal} }